RESUMO: Este artigo objetiva analisar o sentimento materno ao receber um diagnóstico de malformação congênita do filho nos períodos: pré-natal, nascimento e primeira infância. O estudo foi realizado com mães de filhos com anomalia fetal, por meio de noventa e sete entrevistas, que continham perguntas sobre gravidez e percepção acerca do diagnóstico. Direcionado ao sentimento destacam-se as questões: ‘Como você se sentiu ao receber o diagnóstico?’, ‘Qual o sentimento atual?’, ‘Como encontrou conforto?’. Para compreensão dos dados foi utilizada a análise qualitativa de conteúdo com base numa estrutura de categorias. O diagnóstico de malformação congênita desmitifica as expectativas maternas quanto ao futuro do filho, configurando um cenário de ansiedade, confusão, insegurança e múltiplos medos. O auxílio, seja da equipe multidisciplinar de saúde, religioso ou familiar, é importante para ajudar mães a reduzirem o impacto emocional do diagnóstico, além de auxiliar com as dificuldades iniciais em estabelecer o vínculo com o bebê.

ABSTRACT: This article aims to analyze the maternal feelings about a congenital malformation diagnosis received before birth, immediately after birth, or in early infancy. This study was conducted with mothers whose children have congenital anomalies, based on ninety-seven interviews that included questions regarding pregnancy and the mothers’ perspective on their child diagnosis. Regarding maternal feelings, the main questions were: ‘How did you feel when you first heard the diagnosis?’, ‘How have you been feeling?’, ‘Where have sought comfort?’. Qualitative analysis was performed based on categories for data comprehension. Congenital malformation diagnosis breaks down the maternal expectations around the child’s future, creating an environment full of anxiety, confusion, insecurity and multiple fears. The support of the multidisciplinary health team, religious and domestic is important to reduce the emotional impact suffered by the mothers after the diagnosis. It also helps the early difficulties in bonding with the baby.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de articulo es analisar el sentimiento de la madre al recibir, en los períodos pré-natal, nacimento y primera infância, el diagnóstico de malformación congênita de su hijo. Para ello fue realizado un estúdio con madres cuyos hijos son portadores de anomalia fetal, por medio de noventa y siete entrevistas, que contenían preguntas sobre el embarazo y sobre el impacto de conocer el diagnóstico del bebé. Direccionado al sentimiento materno, se destacan en él, los siguientes aspectos: ‘Como usted se sentio al recibir el diagnóstico?’, ‘Cual es su sentimiento actualmente?’, ‘Como encontro consuelo?’. Para poder compreender mejor los datos fue utilizada una análisis cualitativa de contenido con base en una estructura de categorias. El diagnóstico de malformación congénita desmitifica las expectativas maternas em relación al futuro de su hijo, configurando un escenário de ansiedad, confusión, inseguridad e múltiples miedos. El auxílio, sea del equipo multidisciplinario de salud, religioso o familiar, es importante para ayudar a las madres a reduzir el impacto emocional producido por el conocimiento del diagnóstico, y además servir de auxilio en las dificuldades iniciales de establecer un vínculo con el bebé.

ABSTRACT Alcohol is the most commonly consumed substance in the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of alcoholic beverages on male reproduction and possible alterations in their offspring. The mice were divided into 4 groups: beer, wine, cachaça (a type of sugarcane rum), with ethanol concentrations of 1.9 g/kg, and control group treated with PBS. The treatment period was 35 days. The animals which received cachaça, demonstrated significant weight loss in the testes and epididymis. The alcoholic beverages promoted significant testosterone level and fertilization index diminution, and morphological alterations in the spermatozoa. The beer group presented decreased implantation sites and a high frequency of dominant lethal. The number of reabsorptions in the wine group was increased. The fermented beverages presented higher potential to induce visceral malformations, while the cachaça caused fetal skeletal malformations. The cachaça treated group presented a negative impact on semen quality and fertilization potential. The treatment with different alcoholic beverages, during spermatogenesis, demonstrated contrasting degrees of induction of toxic effects, interfering in a general aspect in male reproductive performance, fetal viability during intrauterine life, and birth defects. From the data, it is possible to infer that the distillated beverage caused more harmful effects to reproduction in this study.

Resumo Introdução O metilfenidato (MFD) é um derivado anfetamínico estimulante do sistema nervoso central, que vem sendo cada vez mais consumido pela população mundial, incluindo as mulheres em idade fértil. Ainda não foram estabelecidos os efeitos deste medicamento nas glândulas salivares, durante a gestação. Objetivo Identificar alterações histomorfológicas em glândulas salivares maternas expostas ao metilfenidato. Material e método Para análise histológica, foram utilizadas 32 fêmeas de camundongos Swiss prenhes, distribuídas em um grupo controle e um grupo tratado. A administração foi realizada do quinto ao 17º dia de gestação, via injeção subcutânea; o grupo tratado recebeu 5 mg/kg de metilfenidato, enquanto o grupo controle recebeu o mesmo volume de solução salina estéril. As fêmeas foram eutanasiadas e tiveram suas glândulas salivares removidas e incluídas em parafina para análise em microscopia óptica. Para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis dos grupos, o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e o teste T foram utilizados. Resultado As glândulas parótidas do grupo tratado apresentaram alterações no raio dos ductos e na quantidade de ácinos, quando comparadas às glândulas parótidas do grupo controle. A glândula submandibular do grupo tratado foi a mais afetada: mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa na espessura da parede dos ductos secretores, no raio dos ductos e no raio dos ácinos, quando comparada à glândula submandibular do grupo controle. A glândula sublingual não apresentou alterações significativas. Conclusão Neste delineamento experimental, o metilfenidato apresentou-se como agente indutor de alterações morfológicas das glândulas salivares, promovendo alterações significativas nos raios de ductos e ácinos das mesmas, sendo a glândula submandibular a mais susceptível a este fármaco.

Abstract Introduction Methylphenidate (MFD) is a stimulant amphetamine derivative of the central nervous system, which is being increasingly consumed by the world population, including women of childbearing age. It has not yet established the effects of this medicine in the salivary glands during pregnancy. Objective Evaluate the exposure effects to the MPD in the maternal salivary glands. Material and method For prenatal study, 32 pregnant female Swiss mice were used, divided into a control and a treated group. The treated group received 5 mg/kg of MPD via subcutaneous injection from the 5th to the 17th day and the control received sterile saline in the same volume and pregnancy period. Females were euthanized and had their salivary glands removed and embedded in paraffin for analysis in optical microscopy. To evaluate the association between the variables of the groups, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and and T test were used. Result The parotid glands of the treated group showed statistically significant change within the ducts and the amount of acini when compared to the control group. The submandibular gland was the most affected, it showed a difference statistically significant in wall thickness of the secretory ducts, within the ducts and within the acini when compared to the control group. The sublingual gland showed no significant changes. Conclusion In this experiment methylphenidate is presented as inducing agent morphological changes of the salivary glands, promoting significant changes in ducts radii and acini, submandibular gland being more susceptible to this drug.

β-glucan is a well-known polysaccharide for its chemopreventive effect. This study aimed to evaluate the chemopreventive ability of β-glucan in somatic and germ cells through the dominant lethal and micronucleus assays, and its influence on the reproductive performance of male mice exposed to cyclophosphamide. The results indicate that β-glucan is capable of preventing changes in DNA in both germ cells and somatic ones. Changes in germ cells were evaluated by the dominant lethal assay and showed damage reduction percentages of 46.46% and 43.79% for the doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg. For the somatic changes, evaluated by micronucleus assay in peripheral blood cells in the first week of treatment, damage reduction percentages from 80.63-116.32% were found. In the fifth and sixth weeks, the percentage ranged from 10.20-52.54% and -0.95-62.35%, respectively. Besides the chemopreventive efficiency it appears that the β-glucan, when combined with cyclophosphamide, is able to improve the reproductive performance of males verified by the significant reduction in rates of post-implantation losses and reabsorption in the mating of nulliparous females with males treated with cyclophosphamide.

Ample evidence suggests that cancer is triggered by mutagenic damage and diets or supplements capable of reducing such incidences can be related to the prevention of neoplasy development or to an improvement in life quality of patients who undergo chemotherapy. This research aimed to evaluate the antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activity of β-glucan. We set up 8 experimental groups: control (Group 1), cyclophosphamide (Group 2), Groups 3-5 to assess the effect of β-glucan administration, and Groups 6-8 to evaluate the association between cyclophosphamide and β-glucan. The intraperitonial concentrations of β-glucan used were 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg. Micronucleus and comet assays showed that within the first week of treatment β-glucan presented a damage reduction rate between 100-62.04% and 94.34-59.52% for mutagenic and genotoxic damages, respectively. This activity decreased as the treatment was extended. During the sixth week of treatment antimutagenicity rates were reduced to 59.51-39.83% and antigenotoxicity was not effective. This leads to the conclusion that the efficacy of β-glucan in preventing DNA damage is limited when treatment is extended, and that its use as a chemotherapeutic adjuvant need to be better clarified.

A ciclofosfamida é utilizada no tratamento de câncer. Este estudo visa avaliar os efeitos das diferentes doses do fármaco nos parâmetros reprodutivos de camundongos machos. A ciclofosfamida foi administrada nas doses de 100, 150, 200 e 250 mg kg-1, via intraperitoneal por seis semanas. Como resultado observou-se diminuição de massa corporal, redução no peso de testículos e rins em todos os animais tratados com a ciclofosfamida. Apenas os grupos que receberam as doses de 100 e 150 mg kg-1 do quimioterápico foram capazes de fertilizar as fêmeas. Houve maior incidência de perdas pós-implantação, reabsorção e diminuição da viabilidade fetal no grupo que recebeu a dose de 150 mg kg-1. Observou-se redução nos pesos dos epidídimos e fígado dos animais tratados com as doses de 150, 200 e 250 mg kg-1. Espermatozóides anômalos foram encontrados nas doses de 200 e 250mg kg-1. Com base na metodologia empregada e nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que a ciclofosfamida foi tóxica considerando-se a redução de massa corporal e o peso dos testículos dos animais; promoveu hepatotoxicidade e efeito nefrotóxico; influenciou na espermatogênese dos animais de forma a levá-los a um estado de infertilidade e/ou subfertilidade; diminuiu viabilidade fetal, entretanto não causou malformações significativas na prole.

The cyclophosphamide is used in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of different doses of this drug on male mice reproductive parameters. The cyclophosphamide was administered in the doses 100, 150, 200 e 250 mg.kg-1, intraperitoneal route, for six weeks. As a result, it was observed a decrease in body mass and a decrease in testicles and kidney's weight, in all animals treated with cyclophosphamide. Only the groups that received the doses 100, 150 mg.kg-1 of cyclophosphamide were able to fertilize their females. There was higher incidence of post- implantation losses, reabsorptions and decrease in fetal viability in the group that received the dose of 150 mg.kg-1. It was observed a reduction in epididymis and liver's weight of the animals treated with the doses 150, 200 e 250 mg.kg-1. Abnormal spermatozoa were found in the doses 200 e 250 mg.kg-1. Based on the methodology used and results obtained, it was concluded that the cyclophosphamide was toxic, considering the decrease in animal's body mass and testicle's weight; promoted hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxic effect; influenced in the animals spermatogenesis taking them to infertility and/or subfertility; decreased fetal viability, despite it didn't cause significant malformations in the offspring.